Rhodesian forces listed 10 casualties. Rule, S, (1990), Mandela Refuses to Make Concessions to Pretoria, from the New York Times, 1 March, [online], Available at www.nytimes.com  [Accessed 13 December 2011]. This would have made it easier for guerrillas passing through western parts of Southern Rhodesia to reach the borders of South Africa for infiltration. Several mutineers were arrested and detained, while others escaped. She was research Director for the Centre for African Studies and was active in promoting the relationship between the ANC and Frente de Libertação de Moçambique(FRELIMO), the ruling party of Mozambique. In one incident, the water supply for SOMAFCO from the Ngerengre River was poisoned, leading to the death of many fish in the river. The NP was an overtly racist party committed to a policy of separate development which would further entrench legislated segregation based on race. Botha in the 1980's. In the ensuing civil war, the MPLA was backed by the Soviet Union, which provided training and equipment, while UNITA was backed by the United States and South Africa. On the morning after the attack Williamson visited the destroyed site, accompanied by Laban Oyaka, the Assistant Executive Secretary of the OAU Liberation Committee. In May 1961, Tanganyika was granted autonomy and Nyerere became the Prime Minister with full powers under a new constitution. As the guerrillas attempted to escape to Lesotho, they ran into a South African Police (SAP) road block near Elliot, where another shootout ensued. Botswana's search for autonomy in southern Africa, Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Solidarity and Assistance in Southern Africa, ‘The pipeline: Botswana’s reception of refugees, 1956–68’, Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, Theoris and Literature, Beggar your neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, KONDILE COULD HAVE HELPED COPS ARREST HANI IN '81: TRC TOLD, http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1998/9802/s980210d.htm, NTSU MOKHEHLE FORMER MEMBER OF VLAKPLAAS, SAYS MAMASELA, Sweden and national liberation in Southern Africa: Solidarity and Assistance 1970 to 1994, Comrades against apartheid: the ANC & the South African Communist Party in exile, From comrades to citizens: the South African civics movement and the transition to democracy, Refugees in a chess game: reflections on Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, Chief Joseph Leabua  Jonathan (1914– 1987 ), Lesotho: Emergence of political parties and leaders, The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, Brick by brick: an informal guide to the history of South Africa, Of warriors, lovers, and prophets: unusual stories from South Africa's past, Women speak: reflections on our struggles, 1982-1997, MK Man Abducted from Swaziland never seen again, African widows support pardon for the killer of their husbands. While camp conditions changed over time and even influenced relationships between rank and file, the general routine and administrative structure of the camps remained the same. On 13 February 1983, one of Maseru’s three main fuel depots was blown up. He was eventually released back to Lesotho in May 1980 after lengthy negotiations with the South African government. He was detained for about 16 months after it was alleged that he was an agent of the apartheid government. The target of the bomb sent by a security police unit was Jeanette’s husband Marius Schoon, who was not home at the time. On 19 May 1986 the SADF launched simultaneous raids in Lusaka, Harare and Gaborone during the visit by Commonwealth EPG. For instance, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) established bases in Angola. Instead of releasing her, the police executed her and buried her on the Elandskop farm outside Pietermaritzburg in October 1988. On 17 March 1981 the SADF sneaked into Mozambique and went to the resort of Ponta do Ouro. At one of the houses, the ANC fought back and killed two commandos and injuring others. Bontle Modiselle - Wikipedia In 1980 Rhodesia was freed from military rule and it changed its name to Zimbabwe. That same year the ANC relocated its headquarters to Morogoro, but its main military training camp remained Kongwa. The changing geo-political system which saw the collapse of the Soviet Union and pressure on the apartheid government by increasing internal unrest and international sanctions set the stage for a negotiated settlement. A ferry service which carried about 25 people at a time – operated by Nelson Maiblowa, a Zambian national – became an important link for MK in Zambia. Because of the limited capacity, rooms were used as classrooms as well as places of accommodation. Furthermore, an Italian helicopter destined for Lesotho was held by South African authorities. By the time Stanley Mabizela arrived in Swaziland in 1965, Joseph Nduli, Ablon ‘Bafana’ Duma and Albert Dhlomo were already based there. From the early 1900s there were moves to incorporate Swaziland, Lesotho and Botswana (the three British Protectorates) into South Africa. The suburb contained a number of houses that served as safe houses or operational bases for MK. For MK recruits leaving through Botswana for military training, there were mainly three ways to leave. In early 1967 MK cadres were moved from military training camps in Tanzania to Zambia. Also in 1987, Leslie Lesia was arrested in Zimbabwe in possession of a small bottle of poison given to him by the SADF's Department of Military Intelligence to poison ANC members and officials. Initially the children were taken from Dar-es Salaam to a place near Morogoro, where the ANC owned some land. This was because of disturbances in Matabeleland and Midlands at the time. Not all members of the ANC left Lesotho; some members of the Regional Political Military Council (RPMC) such as Tony Yengeni and Wabert Gaba remained, but were later arrested in South Africa. Significantly, at the Kabwe Conference a decision was taken to allow non-Africans to become members of the ANC’s NEC. During that period Ambrose Makiwane was redeployed from Kongwa to Cairo and replaced by Joseph Jack. With the collapse of apartheid, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up to examine human rights violations that occurred under the apartheid. When the party was banned, it re-emerged as the NDP, and when the NDP was banned it reconstituted itself as the People’s Catertaker Council (PCC), which later became ZAPU. The SADF justified the raid by stating that it was retaliation for the explosion of bombs planted by the ANC in Pretoria which killed 16 people and injured 130 people on 20 May 1983. The move would also avoid stretching the supply lines. After the launch of MK in 1961, Ketsing received a number of people who left the country for military training. During this process the ANC submitted a list of 52 MK operatives killed by the apartheid security forces in Swaziland. We moved from one post to another, from one camp to another, without ever being deployed to the front ”¦” (Ngculu, p. 50). MK used the Golela and Pongola border posts to link up with Natal underground machinery. The delegation was met by Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda, exiled members of the ANC, leaders of the Frontline states and Commonwealth representatives. In March 1968 the OAU sent five of its representatives to Botswana to talk to the imprisoned guerrillas and compile a report. Frelimo (Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique), front for the liberation of Mozambique, adopted socialist principles and maoist guerilla tactics to fight the colonial government. Mpho was a treason trialist in South Africa before moving back to Botswana. Pfister has categorised the South African government policy into four. Meanwhile, in 1960 the party instructed Oliver Tambo to clandestinely leave the country and establish offices for the movement in exile. That same year, the ANC set up the Central Operations Headquarters of uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) and began a process of establishing military training camps in Angola. Cyberwit has published a myriad of new poets, and an increasingly large number of collections of verse. Despite this harassment by the South Africa government, Botswana continued to host refugees fleeing political violence and persecution in South Africa. They would arrive in camps and carry out their work. The increasing number of refugees and the decision by the ANC in Lusaka to keep Mazimbu strictly as a place of learning precipitated the establishment of another centre. It also donated a flat in Luanda to the ANC. In one instance, in August 1967, several guerillas from the Wankie campaign were arrested in Botswana. The MK had to use a very dangerous path (Zimbabwe) to launch its campaigns. (English) South Africa agreed to stop its economic stranglehold of Lesotho if the country abandoned its threat to take South Africa to the UN and allowed ANC members to voluntarily leave the country. Nine of those killed were South African refugees, including three women and a six-year-old child. The victory of Kaunda in the elections signaled an important phase in the struggle against colonial domination in the subcontinent. In 1974 Mokhehle’s party mounted an unsuccessful coup against the BNP and the plotters were forced into exile, where they formed an armed wing known as the Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA). President Sir Seretse Khama said: [As] a consequence of Botswana’s geographical situation, we face unusual and onerous handicaps”¦ Whilst Botswana accepts that we are part of the Southern African economic complex and that the harsh fact of history and geography cannot be obliterated, for obvious reasons, we have to maintain normal friendly relations with South Africa (Niemann 1993). Many of them joined the ANC and went for military training under the MK. When the fighting ended 14 guerrillas were killed and the mutiny was subdued. The Lesotho government made special provision for the education of all young South African refugee in schools within its borders. By 1979, Hani claimed that the ANC had 200 members and 800 sympathisers inside Lesotho. As a result of this polarised geopolitical context, the ANC allied itself with the MPLA. Cross border raids, destabilization efforts and economic sabotage. In the west and north it was bordered by South West Africa (now Namibia) mandated to South Africa under the mandate system introduced by Jan Smuts after the First World War. Most political classes at Nova Katengue took place in the evening after the daily routine was completed. (Pfister R, (2005), Apartheid South Africa and African states: from pariah to middle power, 1961 to 1994 (New York), pp.39). It was under this guise, however, not the only guise, that the MK was able to find support internationally. After interrogation he admitted to working for the apartheid government and provided names of others who were also government informants. The poems reveal a fine combination of human elements of romance and the mystic & everyday realities. Despite this disappointing response, the Tanzanian government facilitated Mandela’s travel arrangements by issuing him with documents to travel to Ethiopia and by liaising with Emperor Haile Selassie. By the mid-1960s there were a number of ANC and MK activists in Swaziland. After the banning of the ANC in South Africa in 1960, the party moved to establish structures outside the country. Several MK recruits who left South Africa in the 1960s through Botswana via Southern Rhodesia into Zambia ended up in Tanzania. Two white officers, two African soldiers and five guerrillas were killed. Swaziland was briefly granted limited self-rule by the British government before the passing of the Swaziland Independence Act in 1968. Mwakikagile, G, (2010), Nyerere and Africa: end of an era, (Dar es Salaam), p.111-114, 334, 362-368. Negotiations for the independence of Namibia began in earnest after a lengthy period of dithering by the South African government. Furthermore, attacks on soft targets such as border area farmers, civil defence workers, state witnesses and police informers was legitimised. Significantly, in late 1968 the South African government amended the South African Police Act to allow members of the police force to operate in other countries, and government spies and informants began operating in Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and other countries. The other commando was Ian Suttill who shared a similar military background with Hutchinson. Camps such as Pango, Quibane, and Quatro, including those camps donated to the ANC by ZAPU, were closed in 1988. The MK leadership in Lesotho directed operations in South Africa. Seven people – James Nkabinde, Ronald Msomi, Thembile Hobo, Wandile Ondala, Mahero, ‘Stopper’ and Bullet – were sentenced to death by firing squad. It was not until 1981, when a man known as ‘Piper’ was captured and interrogated in Zambia, that Mahamba and others within the ANC were exposed as government agents. Hani worked with Lambert Moloi to build underground units, linking them to units based in the Eastern Cape, particularly the Transkei and the Border regions. This was the MK underground house in Lusaka, Nychonga compound.”. The apartheid government recruited people inside the ANC and MK to provide South Africa with intelligence. For brief period the SADF celebrated the death Slovo before news of the true identity of the Portuguese national emerged. Part of the manifesto recognised South Africa as “”¦an independent sovereign state and a member of the United Nations ”¦ On every legal basis its internal affairs are a matter exclusively for the people of South Africa.” Nevertheless it called for the overthrow of white minority rule through non-violent means and pressed for economic sanctions if South Africa did not abandon its policy of apartheid. Five days after Zulu was released from detention he died. Therefore, Mozambique could be used easily to launch an attack against either South Africa or Rhodesia. Despite these threats these countries and others such as Tanzania, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe played an important role in supporting the South African liberation struggle. Under his presidency, Kaunda allowed liberation movements from Angola, South Africa, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe to use his country as a launch pad for the struggle against white minority rule in the subcontinent. By 1986 MK had reached an agreement with Zimbabwe on its clandestine activities in the country. The close alliance they had formed with Tanzania a socialist state guaranteed them that they would have access to weapons. For instance, Mike Dingake, Klaas Motshididi, Mack Mosepele and Mpho Motsamai played important roles in assisting recruits to move through Botswana on their way to Tanzania, and later to Zambia. However, there were some limitations when the ANC attempted to infiltrate guerrillas back to South Africa, as the move put the Botswana government in a difficult position. He was executed by firing squad in Luanda. Watson, W, (2007), Brick by brick: an informal guide to the history of South Africa, (New Africa Books), p. 99. Relations between South Africa and Botswana deteriorated after the Gaborone raid. Many of them joined the ANC and went for military training under the MK, while others joined the PAC. But the 1974 coup in Portugal forced it to accede to demands for independence in its African colonies. In response to the growing activities of the ANC in South Africa, the apartheid government responded by subjecting exiles to surveillance, assassinating suspected ANC activists, conducting cross-border raids, and arming and supporting the LLA to destabilise Lesotho. Another team, however, compiled a report that encouraged the establishment of bases. Another figure connected with the ANC’s early contact in Botswana was Jonas Dinoue Matlou. RUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SUBMISSIONS - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, Ralinala, R.M,  Sithole J, Houston G, & Magubane B (2004),  The Wankie and Sipolilo Campaigns, in. Some disgruntled members of ZIPRA were recruited by the South African government towards the end of 1982. Nkosiyakhe Amos Masondo (born 21 April 1953 in Louwsburg [1]) is a South African politician, who has served as the Chairperson of South Africa's National Council of Provinces since 23rd May 2019. In December 1982 several ANC activists in Swaziland were rounded up and expelled to Mozambique. With increased repression inside South Africa in 1960, the ANC resolved that Oliver Tambo and Yusuf Dadoo should leave the country. Members of the task-force crossed the border and took up positions near the agreed meeting. RUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SUBMISSIONS - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, from the Department of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, [online] Available at www.justice.gov.za [Accessed 19 December 2011], http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-01902009000100008&script=sci_arttext. The Maskew Miller Longman Literature Awards were established in 2007 by Maskew Miller Longman, an educational publishing company in South Africa.The competition was created to encourage writing in all of South Africa’s 11 official languages, with a particular focus on literature suitable for a youth audience.. Some of those killed belonged to the ANC, including Zola Nguini, the party’s representative in the country. The conference addressed the issue of communication between members of the ANC in exile and those inside the country. 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